Human Health and Disease MCQ

Correct Answer: B. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Modern definitions of health go beyond just the absence of disease.

Correct Answer: B. Imbalance of certain ‘humors’ in the body. They believed that an imbalance of these ‘humors’ led to different diseases.

Correct Answer: B. William Harvey. His discovery of blood circulation challenged the existing beliefs about the causes of disease.

Correct Answer: C. Pneumonia. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, etc.

Correct Answer: C. Not caused by pathogens. These diseases can arise from genetic factors, lifestyle choices, or environmental factors.

Correct Answer: B. It is caused by a pathogen. Pathogens like bacteria, viruses, or fungi can cause infectious diseases.

Correct Answer: C. Often inherited from parents. These disorders arise from abnormalities in an individual’s genetic makeup.

Correct Answer: D. All of the above. Diet, exercise, and sleep are crucial components of a healthy lifestyle.

Correct Answer: D. All of the above. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi are common pathogens that can cause infections.

Correct Answer: B. Salmonella typhi. This bacterium enters the body through contaminated food and water.

Correct Answer: B. Widal test. This test is commonly used to confirm typhoid fever.

Correct Answer: C. Alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. Pneumonia causes the alveoli to fill with fluid, making breathing difficult.

Correct Answer: B. Virus. Rhinoviruses are a common cause of the common cold.

Correct Answer: D. Chest pain. Chest pain is not typically associated with the common cold.

Correct Answer: D. Through respiratory droplets from an infected person. These droplets can be inhaled directly or transmitted through contaminated objects.

Correct Answer: B. Malaria. Malaria is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium.

Correct Answer: B. Female Anopheles mosquito. The Plasmodium parasite is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.

Correct Answer: B. Entamoeba histolytica. This protozoan parasite infects the large intestine.

Correct Answer: C. Helminth (roundworm). Ascaris is an intestinal parasite that causes ascariasis.

Correct Answer: C. Helminth (filarial worm). Wuchereria is the filarial worm that causes elephantiasis.

Correct Answer: B. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. This inflammation often occurs in the lower limbs.

Correct Answer: C. Fungus. Fungi like Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton can cause ringworm.

Correct Answer: A. Dry, scaly lesions on the skin. These lesions are often accompanied by intense itching.

Correct Answer: C. Soil or by using contaminated objects. Ringworm can be spread through contact with soil or by sharing personal items like towels or combs.

Correct Answer: A. The ability of the body to fight disease-causing organisms. This ability is conferred by the immune system.

Correct Answer: C. Reactive immunity. The main types of immunity are innate and acquired.

Correct Answer: B. Innate immunity. Innate immunity provides a non-specific defense against pathogens.

Correct Answer: B. Acquired immunity. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to a specific pathogen.

Correct Answer: B. Acquired immunity. The acquired immune system can “remember” previous encounters with pathogens.

Correct Answer: A. Innate immunity. Innate immunity provides a general defense against a wide range of pathogens.

Correct Answer: D. Memory barriers. Memory is a characteristic of acquired immunity, not innate immunity.

Correct Answer: A. Skin. The skin acts as a primary physical barrier to prevent the entry of pathogens.

Correct Answer: A. Leukocytes (WBCs). Certain types of leukocytes, like neutrophils and macrophages, can engulf and destroy microbes.

Correct Answer: B. B-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to pathogens.

Correct Answer: B. Humoral immune response. Antibodies are found in the blood, hence the name humoral.

Correct Answer: A. T-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Correct Answer: A. Active immunity. Active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies.

Correct Answer: B. Passive immunity. Passive immunity provides immediate but temporary protection.

Correct Answer: B. Mother’s milk providing antibodies to the infant. Colostrum, the yellowish fluid produced in the initial days of lactation, is rich in antibodies.

Correct Answer: C. The body’s ability to remember previous encounters with pathogens. Vaccination triggers the production of memory cells that can quickly recognize and respond to future infections.

Correct Answer: C. Both A and B. Vaccines can contain antigenic proteins or weakened pathogens.

Correct Answer: A. Injecting preformed antibodies or antitoxin. This provides immediate protection, such as in the case of tetanus or snakebites.

Correct Answer: A. An exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens. Allergies involve an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances.

Correct Answer: A. Substances that cause allergies. Allergens can include pollen, dust mites, and animal dander.

Correct Answer: C. IgE. IgE antibodies play a key role in allergic reactions.

Correct Answer: A. When the body attacks its own cells. Autoimmune diseases result from the immune system mistakenly targeting the body’s own tissues.

Correct Answer: A. Rheumatoid arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks the lining of the joints.

Correct Answer: D. It is not yet fully understood. The exact mechanisms of self and non-self recognition are still being researched.

Correct Answer: A. Bone marrow. Bone marrow is where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes.

Correct Answer: B. Spleen. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ where lymphocytes interact with antigens.

Correct Answer: A. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a condition that develops due to the deficiency of the immune system.

Correct Answer: C. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.

Correct Answer: A. Retrovirus. Retroviruses have RNA as their genetic material.

Correct Answer: C. Mosquito bites. HIV is not transmitted through insect bites.

Correct Answer: C. People who eat contaminated food. HIV is not transmitted through food.

Correct Answer: B. No. HIV is not transmitted through casual contact.

Correct Answer: A. Reverse transcriptase. This enzyme helps convert the viral RNA into DNA.

Correct Answer: B. Helper T-lymphocytes (TH cells). These cells are vital for the immune response.

Correct Answer: B. Nucleus. The viral DNA integrates into the host cell’s DNA in the nucleus.

Correct Answer: A. Fever, diarrhea, and weight loss. These symptoms are often seen in the early stages of HIV infection.

Correct Answer: A. Due to a weakened immune system. The decrease in helper T-lymphocytes makes the body vulnerable to infections.

Correct Answer: B. No. Currently, there is no cure for AIDS, but treatments can help manage the disease.

Correct Answer: C. ELISA. ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Correct Answer: C. Antibodies against HIV. ELISA detects the presence of antibodies produced by the body in response to HIV infection.

Correct Answer: B. No. ELISA may give false positives or false negatives in some cases.

Correct Answer: A. Anti-retroviral drugs. These drugs help to inhibit the replication of HIV.

Correct Answer: C. Prevention. As there is no cure for AIDS, prevention is crucial.

Correct Answer: C. NACO. NACO stands for National AIDS Control Organization.

Correct Answer: A. A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer cells lose the normal regulatory mechanisms that control cell growth and division.

Correct Answer: A. Carcinogens. Carcinogens can be physical, chemical, or biological agents.

Correct Answer: D. Allergies. Allergies are an immune system response and not directly related to cancer development.

Correct Answer: B. A tumor that does not spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are generally considered non-cancerous.

Correct Answer: B. A tumor that spreads to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues.

Correct Answer: A. Metastasis. Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and form new tumors in other parts of the body.

Correct Answer: A. X-rays. Physical carcinogens include ionizing radiation like X-rays and UV radiation.

Correct Answer: A. Tobacco smoke. Chemical carcinogens are found in various substances, including tobacco smoke, industrial chemicals, and certain food additives.

Correct Answer: A. Viruses. Biological carcinogens include certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Correct Answer: A. Oncogenic viruses. These viruses have the potential to cause cancer.

Correct Answer: A. Genes that can cause cancer when activated. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes due to mutations or other factors.

Correct Answer: A. Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is known to cause cervical cancer.

Correct Answer: A. Biopsy. Biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample for examination by a pathologist.

Correct Answer: A. CT scan. CT scan stands for computed tomography.

Correct Answer: A. MRI scan. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging.

Correct Answer: D. Antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not cancer.

Correct Answer: A. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells.

Correct Answer: A. Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy aims to boost the body’s natural defenses against cancer.

Correct Answer: A. Heroin. Heroin is an opioid drug derived from morphine.

Correct Answer: C. Cannabis sativa. Cannabinoids like marijuana and hashish are obtained from this plant.

Correct Answer: B. Cocaine. Cocaine is a coca alkaloid that acts as a stimulant.

Correct Answer: D. Depression. While depression can be a long-term consequence, the immediate effects of drug abuse are often stimulatory or euphoric.

Correct Answer: B. Slows down body functions. Heroin is a depressant.

Correct Answer: B. Dopamine. Cocaine interferes with dopamine transport, leading to its accumulation and stimulatory effects.

Correct Answer: B. 12-18 years. Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood.

Correct Answer: D. Lack of parental love. While family dynamics can play a role, the primary reasons for drug abuse among adolescents are often related to curiosity, peer pressure, and the desire for new experiences.

Correct Answer: A. It can lead them to seek unhealthy coping mechanisms. Adolescents may turn to drugs or alcohol to escape from stress or negative emotions.

Correct Answer: C. Both A and B. Addiction involves both physical and psychological dependence.

Correct Answer: B. The need for increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect. Tolerance develops with repeated drug use, requiring higher doses for the desired effect.

Correct Answer: A. A set of characteristic and unpleasant symptoms that occur when drug use is abruptly stopped. Withdrawal symptoms can be physical and psychological.

Correct Answer: D. Improved physical health. Drug and alcohol abuse have detrimental effects on physical health.

Correct Answer: A. It can lead to social isolation and strained relationships. Drug and alcohol abuse can lead to social problems, financial difficulties, and relationship breakdowns.