Neural Control and Coordination MCQ

Correct Answer: C. Neural and endocrine systems. The neural system uses electrical signals for quick coordination, while the endocrine system uses hormones for chemical integration.

Correct Answer: B. Coordination. Coordination ensures that different organs work together harmoniously to maintain a stable internal environment.

Correct Answer: B. Increased respiration, heart rate, and blood flow. These changes ensure that muscles receive adequate oxygen and nutrients during physical activity.

Correct Answer: C. Neural system. The neural system uses nerve impulses for rapid communication between different parts of the body.

Correct Answer: B. Through chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones act as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes.

Correct Answer: B. Neuron. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.

Correct Answer: A. Central and peripheral. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system comprises nerves that extend throughout the body.

Correct Answer: D. Central nervous system. The brain and spinal cord analyze sensory input and initiate motor commands.

Correct Answer: B. To detect stimuli from the internal and external environment. Sensory receptors convert different forms of energy into nerve impulses.

Correct Answer: C. Motor neurons. Motor neurons transmit impulses that cause muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

Correct Answer: D. Heart. The heart is part of the circulatory system, not the neural system.

Correct Answer: B. Somatic and autonomic. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions.

Correct Answer: B. Somatic nervous system. This system is responsible for conscious control of body movements.

Correct Answer: B. Autonomic nervous system. This system regulates functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiration.

Correct Answer: B. Sympathetic and parasympathetic. These two systems often have opposing effects on the organs they innervate.

Correct Answer: B. Sympathetic nervous system. This system prepares the body to deal with stressful or emergency situations.

Correct Answer: B. Parasympathetic nervous system. This system promotes activities like digestion and slows down heart rate.

Correct Answer: B. Transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS. Afferent fibers carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord.

Correct Answer: B. Transmit impulses from the CNS to tissues/organs. Efferent fibers carry motor commands to muscles and glands.

Correct Answer: B. To regulate the activity of internal organs. The visceral nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that controls glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles.

Correct Answer: B. Cell body, axon, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles, the axon transmits signals away from the cell body, and the dendrites receive signals from other neurons.

Correct Answer: B. To transmit signals away from the cell body. The axon carries nerve impulses to other neurons or effector cells.

Correct Answer: B. To receive signals from other neurons. Dendrites are branched extensions that increase the receptive surface area of a neuron.

Correct Answer: A. Granular bodies found in the cytoplasm of neurons. Nissl’s granules are involved in protein synthesis.

Correct Answer: B. To transmit signals to other neurons. The synaptic knob contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: C. To speed up the conduction of nerve impulses. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator, allowing impulses to jump between nodes of Ranvier.

Correct Answer: B. Nodes of Ranvier. These gaps are important for the rapid propagation of nerve impulses.

Correct Answer: B. Myelinated and unmyelinated. Myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons.

Correct Answer: C. Spinal and cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting signals over longer distances.

Correct Answer: C. Autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Unmyelinated fibers are often involved in regulating internal organ activities and reflexes.

Correct Answer: C. Multipolar. This is the most common type of neuron in the brain.

Correct Answer: B. Bipolar. These neurons are found in specialized sensory organs like the retina.

Correct Answer: A. Unipolar. These neurons are commonly found in the embryonic stage.

Correct Answer: D. Producing hormones. Hormone production is the function of endocrine glands.

Correct Answer: B. Synapse. This is the site where communication between neurons occurs.

Correct Answer: B. -70 mV. The inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside at rest.

Correct Answer: B. Potassium ($K^+$). The membrane is more permeable to $K^+$ at rest, and its outflow contributes to the negative resting potential.

Correct Answer: B. It pumps potassium ions into the neuron and sodium ions out. This active transport mechanism helps maintain the concentration gradients of these ions.

Correct Answer: B. The membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions. This leads to depolarization.

Correct Answer: C. Depolarization. The entry of sodium ions makes the inside of the neuron less negative.

Correct Answer: B. Action potential. This is a brief reversal of the membrane potential.

Correct Answer: D. Potassium ions leave the neuron. This restores the negative resting potential.

Correct Answer: A. Refractory period. This ensures that impulses travel in one direction.

Correct Answer: B. By continuous propagation. The impulse travels as a wave of depolarization along the entire axon.

Correct Answer: B. By jumping between nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction). This is faster than continuous propagation.

Correct Answer: D. All of the above. Larger diameter, myelination, and higher temperature increase the speed of conduction.

Correct Answer: A. A neuron either fires an action potential with maximum strength or does not fire at all.

Correct Answer: A. The minimum stimulus required to generate an action potential.

Correct Answer: C. They trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse.

Correct Answer: B. The transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another.

Correct Answer: B. Synapse. This is where the nerve impulse is transferred from one neuron to another.

Correct Answer: A. Electrical and chemical. Electrical synapses involve direct current flow, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: B. Electrical. In electrical synapses, the current flows directly from one neuron to the next.

Correct Answer: A. Synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are released into this space.

Correct Answer: B. Neurotransmitters. These molecules bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.

Correct Answer: C. In the synaptic vesicles of the axon terminal. These vesicles fuse with the membrane to release neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: B. The synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Correct Answer: C. Receptors. This binding triggers changes in the post-synaptic neuron.

Correct Answer: A. Ion channels open, allowing the entry of ions that can generate a new potential.

Correct Answer: B. Excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory potentials make it more likely for the post-synaptic neuron to fire an action potential, while inhibitory potentials make it less likely.

Correct Answer: A. A potential that makes the post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

Correct Answer: B. A potential that makes the post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential.

Correct Answer: A. The process of adding up all the EPSPs and IPSPs that a neuron receives.

Correct Answer: A. The sum of all the EPSPs and IPSPs it receives.

Correct Answer: C. They break down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. This ensures that the signal is terminated.

Correct Answer: C. Brain. The brain is responsible for processing information, initiating responses, and coordinating various bodily functions.

Correct Answer: A. Skull. The skull provides a hard, protective encasement for the brain.

Correct Answer: C. Meninges. The meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Correct Answer: B. Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. These divisions represent distinct regions with specialized functions.

Correct Answer: D. To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord also mediates reflexes.

Correct Answer: C. Cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for conscious thought, sensory perception, and voluntary actions.

Correct Answer: A. Corpus callosum. This thick band of nerve fibers allows communication between the two hemispheres.

Correct Answer: A. Cerebral cortex. This highly folded layer contains the cell bodies of neurons and is responsible for processing information.

Correct Answer: B. Neuron cell bodies. The grey matter is where information processing occurs.

Correct Answer: B. Myelinated axons. The white matter allows for communication between different parts of the brain.

Correct Answer: B. Thalamus. The thalamus receives sensory input and relays it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.

Correct Answer: B. Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland and plays a role in emotions and the sleep-wake cycle.

Correct Answer: D. Regulating emotions, memory, and motivation. The limbic system includes structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.

Correct Answer: D. Controlling heart rate and breathing. This is primarily the function of the medulla oblongata in the hindbrain.

Correct Answer: C. To perform complex functions like intersensory associations, memory, and communication. These areas integrate information from different sensory modalities.

Correct Answer: A. Between the thalamus/hypothalamus and the pons. The midbrain connects the forebrain and hindbrain.

Correct Answer: B. Cerebral aqueduct. This canal connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

Correct Answer: A. Corpora quadrigemina. These structures are involved in visual and auditory reflexes.

Correct Answer: B. To control eye movements and visual reflexes. They help to coordinate head and eye movements in response to visual stimuli.

Correct Answer: B. To control auditory reflexes. They help to locate the source of sounds.

Correct Answer: B. Pons. The pons also contains nuclei that are involved in sleep, respiration, and bladder control.

Correct Answer: C. Cerebellum. The cerebellum receives input from the motor cortex and sensory receptors to fine-tune motor movements.

Correct Answer: A. Medulla. The medulla also controls reflexes like swallowing and vomiting.

Correct Answer: C. To control sleep-wake cycles and alertness. The reticular formation also filters sensory input.

Correct Answer: C. Processing sensory information from the skin. This is primarily the function of the somatosensory cortex in the forebrain.

Correct Answer: A. Foramen magnum. This is the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Correct Answer: C. To fine-tune and coordinate movements. The cerebellum ensures smooth, precise, and balanced movements.

Correct Answer: A. It relays signals between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex. The pons acts as a bridge for communication between these brain regions.

Correct Answer: D. Disruption of vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The medulla controls these essential functions.

Correct Answer: B. Loss of coordination and balance. The cerebellum is essential for maintaining posture and coordinating movements.

Correct Answer: B. Cerebellum. Its structure and function are somewhat similar to the cerebrum, but on a smaller scale.

Correct Answer: D. It relays sensory information to the thalamus. The hindbrain acts as a conduit for sensory input to reach the forebrain for further processing.

Correct Answer: C. By controlling vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The hindbrain ensures that these essential functions are maintained within a narrow range.

Correct Answer: C. Vagus nerve (X). The vagus nerve is involved in regulating many autonomic functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

Correct Answer: D. To connect the brain to the spinal cord and control vital functions. The brain stem is essential for survival.